Amidase

ABSTRACT

A purified thermostable enzyme is derived from the archael bacterium Thermococcus GU5L5. The enzyme has a molecular weight of about 68.5 kilodaltons and has cellulase activity. The enzyme can be produced from native or recombinant host cells and can be used for the removal of arginine, phenylalanine, or methionine amino acids from the N-terminal end of peptides in peptide or peptidomimetic synthesis. The enzyme is selective for the L, or `natural` enantiomer of the amino acid derivatives and is therefore useful for the production of optically active compounds. These reactions can be performed in the presence of the chemically more reactive ester functionality, a step which is very difficult to achieve with nonenzymatic methods.

This application is a Continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/664,646 filed on Jun. 17, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,877,001.

This invention relates to newly identified polynucleotides, polypeptides encoded by such polynucleotides, the use of such polynucleotides and polypeptides, as well as the production and isolation of such polynucleotides and polypeptides. More particularly, the polypeptide of the present invention has been identified as an amidase and in particular an enzyme having activity in the removal of argliine, phenylalanine or methionine from the N-terminal end of peptides in peptide or peptidomimetic synthesis.

Thermophilic bacteria have received considerable attention as sources of highly active and thermostable enzymes (Bronneomeier, K. and Staudenbauer, W. L., D. R. Woods (Ed.), The Clostridia and Biotechnology, Butterworth Publishers, Stoneham, Mass. (1993). Recently, the most extremely thermophilic organotrophic eubacteria presently known have been isolated and characterized. These bacteria, which belong to the genus Thermotoga, are fermentative microorganisms metabolizing a variety of carbohydrates (Huber, R. and Stetter, K. O., in Ballows, et al., (Ed.), The Procaryotes, 2nd Ed., Springer-Verlaz, New York, pgs. 3809-3819 (1992)).

Because to date most organisms identified from the archaeal domain are thermophiles or hyperthermophiles, archaeal bacteria are also considered a fertile source of thermophilic enzymes.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a novel enzyme, as well as active fragments, analogs and derivatives thereof.

In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there are provided isolated nucleic acid molecules encoding an enzyme of the present invention including mRNAs, DNAs, cDNAs, genomic DNAs as well as active analogs and fragments of such enzymes.

In accordance with yet a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a process for producing such polypeptide by recombinant techniques comprising culturing recombinant prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic host cells, containing a nucleic acid sequence encoding an enzyme of the present invention, under conditions promoting expression of said enzyme and subsequent recovery of said enzyme.

In accordance with yet a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a process for utilizing such enzyme, or polynucleotide encoding such enzyme. The enzyme is useful for the removal of arginine, phenylalanine, or methionine amino acids from the N-terminal end of peptides in peptide or peptidomimetic synthesis. The enzyme is selective for the L, or "natural" enantiomer of the amino acid derivatives and is therefore useful for the production of optically active compounds. These reactions can be performed in the presence of the chemically more reactive ester functionality, a step which is very difficult to achieve with nonenzymatic methods. The enzyme is also able to tolerate high temperatures (at least 70° C.), and high concentrations of organic solvents (>40% DMSO), both of which cause a disruption of secondary structure in peptides; this enables cleavage of otherwise resistant bonds.

In accordance with yet a further aspect of the present invention, there is also provided nucleic acid probes comprising nucleic acid molecules of sufficient length to specifically hybridize to a nucleic acid sequence of the present invention.

In accordance with yet a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a process for utilizing such enzymes, or polynucleotides encoding such enzymes, for in vitro purposes related to scientific research, for example, to generate probes for identifying similar sequences which might encode similar enzymes from other organisms.

These and other aspects of the present invention should be apparent to those skilled in the art from the teachings herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following drawings are illustrative of embodiments of the invention and are not meant to limit the scope of the invention as encompassed by the claims.

FIG. 1 is an illustration of the full-length DNA and corresponding deduced amino acid sequence of the enzyme of the present invention. Sequencing was performed using a 378 automated DNA sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Inc.).

FIG. 2 shows the fluorescence versus concentration of DMSO. The filled and open boxes represent individual assays from Example 3.

FIG. 3 shows the relative initial linear rates (increase in fluorescence per min. i.e. "activity") versus concentration of DMF for the more reactive CBZ-L-arg-AMC, from Example 3.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The term "gene" means the segment of DNA involved in producing a polypeptide chain; it includes regions preceding and following the coding region (leader and trailer) as well as intervening sequences (introns) between individual coding segments (exons).

A coding sequence is "operably linked to" another coding sequence when RNA polymerase will transcribe the two coding sequences into a single mRNA, which is then translated into a single polypeptide having amino acids derived from both coding sequences. The coding sequences need not be contiguous to one another so long as the expressed sequences are ultimately processed to produce the desired protein.

"Recombinant" enzymes refer to enzymes produced by recombinant DNA techniques; i.e., produced from cells transformed by an exogenous DNA construct encoding the desired enzyme. "Synthetic" enzymes are those prepared by chemical synthesis.

The present invention provides substantially pure amidase enzymes. The term "substantially pure" is used herein to describe a molecule, such as a polypeptide (e.g., an amidase polypeptide, or a fragment thereof) that is substantially free of other proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and other biological materials with which it is naturally associated. For example, a substantially pure molecule, such as a polypeptide, can be at least 60%, by dry weight, the molecule of interest. The purity of the polypeptides can be determined using standard methods including, e.g., polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (e.g., SDS-PAGE), column chromatography (e.g., high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)), and amino-terminal amino acid sequence analysis.

A DNA "coding sequence of" or a "nucleotide sequence encoding" a particular enzyme, is a DNA sequence which is transcribed and translated into an enzyme when placed under the control of appropriate regulatory sequences. A "promotor sequence" is a DNA regulatory region capable of binding RNA polymerase in a cell and initiating transcription of a downstream (3' direction) coding sequence. The promoter is part of the DNA sequence. This sequence region has a start codon at its 3' terminus. The promoter sequence does include the minimum number of bases where elements necessary to initiate transcription at levels detectable above background. However, after the RNA polymerase binds the sequence and transcription is initiated at the start codon (3' terminus with a promoter), transcription proceeds downstream in the 3' direction. Within the promotor sequence will be found a transcription initiation site (conveniently defined by mapping with nuclease S1) as well as protein binding domains (consensus sequences) responsible for the binding of RNA polymerase.

The present invention provides a purified thermostable enzyme that catalyzes the removal of arginine, phenylalanine, or methionine amino acids from the N-terminal end of peptides in peptide or peptidomimetic synthesis. The purified enzyme is an amidase derived from an organism referred to herein as "Thermococcus GU5L5" which is a thermophilic archaeal organism which has a very high temperature optimum. The organism is strictly anaerobic and grows between 55 and 90° C. (optimally at 85° C.). GU5L5 was discovered in a shallow marine hydrothermal area in Vulcano, Italy. The organism has coccoid cells occurring in singlets or pairs. GU5L5 grows optimally at 85° C. and pH 6.0 in a marine medium with peptone as a substrate and nitrogen in gas phase.

The polynucleotide of this invention was originally recovered from a genomic gene library derived from Thermococcus GU5L5 as described below. It contains an open reading frame encoding a protein of 622 amino acid residues.

In a preferred embodiment, the amidase enzyme of the present invention has a molecular weight of about 68.5 kilodaltons as inferred from the nucleotide sequence of the gene.

In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, there are provided isolated nucleic acid molecules (polynucleotides) which encode for the mature enzyme having the deduced amino acid sequence of FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO:2).

This invention, in addition to the isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding an amidase enzyme disclosed in FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO:1), also provides substantially similar sequences. Isolated nucleic acid sequences are substantially similar if: (i) they are capable of hybridizing under stringent conditions, hereinafter described, to SEQ ID NO:1; or (ii) they encode DNA sequences which are degenerate to SEQ ID NO:1. Degenerate DNA sequences encode the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, but have variations in the nucleotide coding sequences. As used herein, "substantially similar" refers to the sequences having similar identity to the sequences of the instant invention. The nucleotide sequences that are substantially similar can be identified by hybridization or by sequence comparison. Enzyme sequences that are substantially similar can be identified by one or more of the following: proteolytic digestion, gel electrophoresis and/or microsequencing.

One means for isolating a nucleic acid molecule encoding an amidase enzyme is to probe a gene library with a natural or artificially designed probe using art recognized procedures (see, for example: Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Ausubel F. M. et al. (EDS.) Green Publishing Company Assoc. and John Wiley Interscience, New York, 1989, 1992). It is appreciated to one skilled in the art that SEQ ID NO:1, or fragments thereof (comprising at least 15 contiguous nucleotides), is a particularly useful probe. Other particular useful probes for this purpose are hybridizable fragments to the sequences of SEQ ID NO:1 (i.e., comprising at least 15 contiguous nucleotides).

With respect to nucleic acid sequences which hybridize to specific nucleic acid sequences disclosed herein, hybridization may be carried out under conditions of reduced stringency, medium stringency or even stringent conditions. As an example of oligonucleotide hybridization, a polymer membrane containing immobilized denatured nucleic acid is first prehybridized for 30 minutes at 45° C. in a solution consisting of 0.9 M NaCl, 50 mM NaH₂ PO₄, pH 7.0, 5.0 mM Na₂ EDTA, 0.5% SDS, 10× Denhardt's, and 0.5 mg/mL polyriboadenylic acid. Approximately 2×10⁷ cpm (specific activity 4-9×10 cpm/ug) of P end-labeled oligonucleotide probe are then added to the solution. After 12-16 hours of incubation, the membrane is washed for 30 minutes at room temperature in 1× SET (150 mM NaCl, 20 mM Tris hydrochloride, pH 7.8, 1 mM Na₂ EDTA) containing 0.5% SDS, followed by a 30 minute wash in fresh 1× SET at Tm-10° C. for the oligo-nucleotide probe. The membrane is then exposed to auto-radiographic film for detection of hybridization signals.

Stringent conditions means hybridization will occur only if there is at least 90% identity, preferably at least 95% identity and most preferably at least 97% identity between the sequences. See J. Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual (2d Ed. 1989) (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

"Identity" as the term is used herein, refers to a polynucleotide sequence which comprises a percentage of the same bases as a reference polynucleotide (SEQ ID NO:1). For example, a polynucleotide which is at least 90% identical to a reference polynucleotide, has polynucleotide bases which are identical in 90% of the bases which make up the reference polynucleotide and may have different bases in 10% of the bases which comprise that polynucleotide sequence.

The present invention also relates to polynucleotides which differ from the reference polynucleotide such that the changes are silent changes, for example the changes do not alter the amino acid sequence encoded by the polynucleotide. The present invention also relates to nucleotide changes which result in amino acid substitutions, additions, deletions, fusions and truncations in the enzyme encoded by the reference polynucleotide (SEQ ID NO:1). In a preferred aspect of the invention these enzymes retain the same biological action as the enzyme encoded by the reference polynucleotide.

It is also appreciated that such probes can be and are preferably labeled with an analytically detectable reagent to facilitate identification of the probe. Useful reagents include but are not limited to radioactivity, fluorescent dyes or enzymes capable of catalyzing the formation of a detectable product. The probes are thus useful to isolate complementary copies of DNA from other animal sources or to screen such sources for related sequences.

The coding sequence for the amidase enzyme of the present invention was identified by preparing a Thermococcus GU5L5 genomic DNA library and screening the library for the clones having amidase activity. Such methods for constructing a genomic gene library are well-known in the art. One means, for example, comprises shearing DNA isolated from GU5L5 by physical disruption. A small amount of the sheared DNA is checked on an agarose gel to verify that the majority of the DNA is in the desired size range (approximately 3-6 kb). The DNA is then blunt ended using Mung Bean Nuclease, incubated at 37° C. and phenol/chloroform extracted. The DNA is then methylated using Eco RI Methylase. Eco R1 linkers are then ligated to the blunt ends through the use of T4 DNA ligase and incubation at 4° C. The ligation reaction is then terminated and the DNA is cut-back with Eco R1 restriction enzyme. The DNA is then size fractionated on a sucrose gradient following procedures known in the art, for example, Maniatis, T., et al., Molecular Cloning, Cold Spring Harbor Press, New York, 1982, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

A plate assay is then performed to get an approximate concentration of the DNA. Ligation reactions are then performed and 1 μl of the ligation reaction is packaged to construct a library. Packaging, for example, may occur through the use of purified λgt11 phage arms cut with EcoRI and DNA cut with EcoRI after attaching EcoRI linkers. The DNA and λgt11 arms are ligated with DNA ligase. The ligated DNA is then packaged into infectious phage particles. The packaged phages are used to infect E. coli cultures and the infected cells are spread on agar plates to yield plates carrying thousands of individual phage plaques. The library is then amplified.

Fragments of the full length gene of the present invention may be used as a hybridization probe for a cDNA or a genomic library to isolate the full length DNA and to isolate other DNAs which have a high sequence similarity to the gene or similar biological activity. Probes of this type have at least 10, preferably at least 15, and even more preferably at least 30 bases and may contain, for example, at least 50 or more bases. The probe may also be used to identify a DNA clone corresponding to a full length transcript and a genomic clone or clones that contain the complete gene including regulatory and promotor regions, exons, and introns.

The isolated nucleic acid sequences and other enzymes may then be measured for retention of biological activity characteristic to the enzyme of the present invention, for example, in an assay for detecting enzymatic amnidase activity. Such enzymes include truncated forms of amidase, and variants such as deletion and insertion variants.

The polynucleotide of the present invention may be in the form of DNA which DNA includes cDNA, genomic DNA, and synthetic DNA. The DNA may be double-stranded or single-stranded, and if single stranded may be the coding strand or non-coding (anti-sense) strand. The coding sequence which encodes the mature enzyme may be identical to the coding sequence shown in FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO:1) and/or that of the deposited clone or may be a different coding sequence which coding sequence, as a result of the redundancy or degeneracy of the genetic code, encodes the same mature enzyme as the DNA of FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO:1).

The polynucleotide which encodes for the mature enzyme of FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO:2) may include, but is not limited to: only the coding sequence for the mature enzyme; the coding sequence for the mature enzyme and additional coding sequence such as a leader sequence or a proprotein sequence; the coding sequence for the mature enzyme (and optionally additional coding sequence) and non-coding sequence, such as introns or non-coding sequence 5' and/or 3' of the coding sequence for the mature enzyme.

Thus, the term "polynucleotide encoding an enzyme (protein)" encompasses a polynucleotide which includes only coding sequence for the enzyme as well as a polynucleotide which includes additional coding and/or non-coding sequence.

The present invention further relates to variants of the hereinabove described polynucleotides which encode for fragments, analogs and derivatives of the enzyme having the deduced amino acid sequence of FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO:2). The variant of the polynucleotide may be a naturally occurring allelic variant of the polynucleotide or a non-naturally occurring variant of the polynucleotide.

Thus, the present invention includes polynucleotides encoding the same mature enzyme as shown in FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO:2) as well as variants of such polynucleotides which variants encode for a fragment, derivative or analog of the enzyme of FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO:2). Such nucleotide variants include deletion variants, substitution variants and addition or insertion variants.

As hereinabove indicated, the polynucleotide may have a coding sequence which is a naturally occurring allelic variant of the coding sequence shown in FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO:1). As known in the art, an allelic variant is an alternate form of a polynucleotide sequence which may have a substitution, deletion or addition of one or more nucleotides, which does not substantially alter the function of the encoded enzyme.

The present invention also includes polynucleotides, wherein the coding sequence for the mature enzyme may be fused in the same reading frame to a polynucleotide sequence which aids in expression and secretion of an enzyme from a host cell, for example, a leader sequence which functions to control transport of an enzyme from the cell. The enzyme having a leader sequence is a preprotein and may have the leader sequence cleaved by the host cell to form the mature form of the enzyme. The polynucleotides may also encode for a proprotein which is the mature protein plus additional 5' amino acid residues. A mature protein having a prosequence is a proprotein and is an inactive form of the protein. Once the prosequence is cleaved an active mature protein remains.

Thus, for example, the polynucleotide of the present invention may encode for a mature enzyme, or for an enzyme having a prosequence or for an enzyme having both a prosequence and a presequence (leader sequence).

The present invention further relates to polynucleotides which hybridize to the hereinabove-described sequences if there is at least 70%, preferably at least 90%, and more preferably at least 95% identity between the sequences. The present invention particularly relates to polynucleotides which hybridize under stringent conditions to the hereinabove-described polynucleotides. As herein used, the term "stringent conditions" means hybridization will occur only if there is at least 95% and preferably at least 97% identity between the sequences. The polynucleotides which hybridize to the hereinabove described polynucleotides in a preferred embodiment encode enzymes which either retain substantially the same biological function or activity as the mature enzyme encoded by the DNA of FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO:1).

Alternatively, the polynucleotide may have at least 15 bases, preferably at least 30 bases, and more preferably at least 50 bases which hybridize to a polynucleotide of the present invention and which has an identity thereto, as hereinabove described, and which may or may not retain activity. For example, such polynucleotides may be employed as probes for the polynucleotide of SEQ ID NO:1, for example, for recovery of the polynucleotide or as a PCR primer.

Thus, the present invention is directed to polynucleotides having at least a 70% identity, preferably at least 90% identity and more preferably at least a 95% identity to a polynucleotide which encodes the enzyme of SEQ ID NO:2 as well as fragments thereof, which fragments have at least 30 bases and preferably at least 50 bases and to enzymes encoded by such polynucleotides.

The present invention further relates to a enzyme which has the deduced amino acid sequence of FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO:2), as well as fragments, analogs and derivatives of such enzyme.

The terms "fragment," "derivative" and "analog" when referring to the enzyme of FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO:2) means a enzyme which retains essentially the same biological function or activity as such enzyme. Thus, an analog includes a proprotein which can be activated by cleavage of the proprotein portion to produce an active mature enzyme.

The enzyme of the present invention may be a recombinant enzyme, a natural enzyme or a synthetic enzyme, preferably a recombinant enzyme.

The fragment, derivative or analog of the enzyme of FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NO:2) may be (i) one in which one or more of the amino acid residues are substituted with a conserved or non-conserved amino acid residue (preferably a conserved amino acid residue) and such substituted amino acid residue may or may not be one encoded by the genetic code, or (ii) one in which one or more of the amino acid residues includes a substituent group, or (iii) one in which the mature enzyme is fused with another compound, such as a compound to increase the half-life of the enzyme (for example, polyethylene glycol), or (iv) one in which the additional amino acids are fused to the mature enzyme, such as a leader or secretory sequence or a sequence which is employed for purification of the mature enzyme or a proprotein sequence. Such fragments, derivatives and analogs are deemed to be within the scope of those skilled in the art from the teachings herein.

The enzymes and polynucleotides of the present invention are preferably provided in an isolated form, and preferably are purified to homogeneity.

The term "isolated" means that the material is removed from its original environment (e.g., the natural environment if it is naturally occurring). For example, a naturally-occurring polynucleotide or enzyme present in a living animal is not isolated, but the same polynucleotide or enzyme, separated from some or all of the coexisting materials in the natural system, is isolated. Such polynucleotides could be part of a vector and/or such polynucleotides or enzymes could be part of a composition, and still be isolated in that such vector or composition is not part of its natural environment.

The enzymes of the present invention include the enzyme of SEQ ID NO:2 (in particular the mature enzyme) as well as enzymes which have at least 70% similarity (preferably at least 70% identity) to the enzyme of SEQ ID NO:2 and more preferably at least 90% similarity (more preferably at least 90% identity) to the enzyme of SEQ ID NO:2 and still more preferably at least 95% similarity (still more preferably at least 95% identity) to the enzyme of SEQ ID NO:2 and also include portions of such enzymes with such portion of the enzyme generally containing at least 30 amino acids and more preferably at least 50 amino acids.

As known in the art "similarity" between two enzymes is determined by comparing the amino acid sequence and its conserved amino acid substitutes of one enzyme to the sequence of a second enzyme. Similarity may be determined by procedures which are well-known in the art, for example, a BLAST program (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool at the National Center for Biological Information).

A variant, i.e. a "fragment", "analog " or "derivative" enzyme, and reference enzyme may differ in amino acid sequence by one or more substitutions, additions, deletions, fusions and truncations, which may be present in any combination.

Among preferred variants are those that vary from a reference by conservative amino acid substitutions. Such substitutions are those that substitute a given amino acid in a polypeptide by another amino acid of like characteristics. Typically seen as conservative substitutions are the replacements, one for another, among the aliphatic amino acids Ala, Val, Leu and Ile; interchange of the hydroxyl residues Ser and Thr, exchange of the acidic residues Asp and Glu, substitution between the amide residues Asn and Gln, exchange of the basic residues Lys and Arg and replacements among the aromatic residues Phe, Tyr.

Most highly preferred are variants which retain the same biological function and activity as the reference polypeptide from which it varies.

Fragments or portions of the enzymes of the present invention may be employed for producing the corresponding full-length enzyme by peptide synthesis; therefore, the fragments may be employed as intermediates for producing the full-length enzymes. Fragments or portions of the polynucleotides of the present invention may be used to synthesize full-length polynucleotides of the present invention.

The present invention also relates to vectors which include polynucleotides of the present invention, host cells which are genetically engineered with vectors of the invention and the production of enzymes of the invention by recombinant techniques.

Host cells are genetically engineered (transduced or transformed or transfected) with the vectors containing the polynucleotides of this invention. Such vectors may be, for example, a cloning vector or an expression vector. The vector may be, for example, in the form of a plasmid, a viral particle, a phage, etc. The engineered host cells can be cultured in conventional nutrient media modified as appropriate for activating promoters, selecting transformants or amplifying the genes of the present invention. The culture conditions, such as temperature, pH and the like, are those previously used with the host cell selected for expression, and will be apparent to the ordinarily skilled artisan.

The polynucleotides of the present invention may be employed for producing enzymes by recombinant techniques. Thus, for example, the polynucleotide may be included in any one of a variety of expression vectors for expressing an enzyme. Such vectors include chromosomal, nonchromosomal and synthetic DNA sequences, e.g., derivatives of SV40; bacterial plasmids; phage DNA; baculovirus; yeast plasmids; vectors derived from combinations of plasmids and phage DNA, viral DNA such as vaccinia, adenovirus, fowl pox virus, and pseudorabies. However, any other vector may be used as long as it is replicable and viable in the host.

The appropriate DNA sequence may be inserted into the vector by a variety of procedures. In general, the DNA sequence is inserted into an appropriate restriction endonuclease site(s) by procedures known in the art. Such procedures and others are deemed to be within the scope of those skilled in the art.

The DNA sequence in the expression vector is operatively linked to an appropriate expression control sequence(s) (promoter) to direct mRNA synthesis. As representative examples of such promoters, there may be mentioned: LTR or SV40 promoter, the E. coli. lac or trp, the phage lambda P_(L) promoter and other promoters known to control expression of genes in prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells or their viruses. The expression vector also contains a ribosome binding site for translation initiation and a transcription terminator. The vector may also include appropriate sequences for amplifying expression.

In addition, the expression vectors preferably contain one or more selectable marker genes to provide a phenotypic trait for selection of transformed host cells such as dihydrofolate reductase or neomycin resistance for eukaryotic cell culture, or such as tetracycline or ampicillin resistance in E. coli.

The vector containing the appropriate DNA sequence as hereinabove described, as well as an appropriate promoter or control sequence, may be employed to transform an appropriate host to permit the host to express the protein.

As representative examples of appropriate hosts, there may be mentioned: bacterial cells, such as E. coli, Streptomyces, Bacillus subtilis; fungal cells, such as yeast; insect cells such as Drosophila S2 and Spodoptera Sf9; animal cells such as CHO, COS or Bowes melanoma; adenoviruses; plant cells, etc. The selection of an appropriate host is deemed to be within the scope of those skilled in the art from the teachings herein.

More particularly, the present invention also includes recombinant constructs comprising one or more of the sequences as broadly described above. The constructs comprise a vector, such as a plasmid or viral vector, into which a sequence of the invention has been inserted, in a forward or reverse orientation. In a preferred aspect of this embodiment, the construct further comprises regulatory sequences, including, for example, a promoter, operably linked to the sequence. Large numbers of suitable vectors and promoters are known to those of skill in the art, and are commercially available. The following vectors are provided by way of example; Bacterial: pQE70, pQE60, pQE-9 (Qiagen), pBluescript II (Stratagene); pTRC99a, pKK223-3, pDR540, pRIT2T (Pharmacia); Eukaryotic: pXT1, pSG5 (Stratagene) pSVK3, pBPV, pMSG, pSVLSV40 (Pharmacia). However, any other plasmid or vector may be used as long as they are replicable and viable in the host.

Promoter regions can be selected from any desired gene using CAT (chloramphenicol transferase) vectors or other vectors with selectable markers. Two appropriate vectors are pKK232-8 and pCM7. Particular named bacterial promoters include lacI, lacZ, T3, T7, gpt, lambda P_(R), P_(L) and trp. Eukaryotic promoters include CMV immediate early, HSV thymidine kinase, early and late SV40, LTRs from retrovirus, and mouse metallothionein-I. Selection of the appropriate vector and promoter is well within the level of ordinary skill in the art.

In a further embodiment, the present invention relates to host cells containing the above-described constructs. The host cell can be a higher eukaryotic cell, such as a mammalian cell, or a lower eukaryotic cell, such as a yeast cell, or the host cell can be a prokaryotic cell, such as a bacterial cell. Introduction of the construct into the host cell can be effected by calcium phosphate transfection, DEAE-Dextran mediated transfection, or electroporation (Davis, L., Dibner, M., Battey, I., Basic Methods in Molecular Biology, (1986)).

The constructs in host cells can be used in a conventional manner to produce the gene product encoded by the recombinant sequence. Alternatively, the enzymes of the invention can be synthetically produced by conventional peptide synthesizers.

Mature proteins can be expressed in mammalian cells, yeast, bacteria, or other cells under the control of appropriate promoters. Cell-free translation systems can also be employed to produce such proteins using RNAs derived from the DNA constructs of the present invention. Appropriate cloning and expression vectors for use with prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts are described by Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., (1989), the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

Transcription of the DNA encoding the enzymes of the present invention by higher eukaryotes is increased by inserting an enhancer sequence into the vector. Enhancers are cisacting elements of DNA, usually about from 10 to 300 bp that act on a promoter to increase its transcription. Examples include the SV40 enhancer on the late side of the replication origin bp 100 to 270, a cytomegalovirus early promoter enhancer, the polyoma enhancer on the late side of the replication origin, and adenovirus enhancers.

Generally, recombinant expression vectors will include origins of replication and selectable markers permitting transformation of the host cell, e.g., the ampicillin resistance gene of E. coli and S. cerevisiae TRP1 gene, and a promoter derived from a highly-expressed gene to direct transcription of a downstream structural sequence. Such promoters can be derived from operons encoding glycolytic enzymes such as 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), α-factor, acid phosphatase, or heat shock proteins, among others. The heterologous structural sequence is assembled in appropriate phase with translation initiation and termination sequences, and preferably, a leader sequence capable of directing secretion of translated enzyme. Optionally, the heterologous sequence can encode a fusion enzyme including an N-terminal identification peptide imparting desired characteristics, e.g., stabilization or simplified purification of expressed recombinant product.

Useful expression vectors for bacterial use are constructed by inserting a structural DNA sequence encoding a desired protein together with suitable translation initiation and termination signals in operable reading phase with a functional promoter. The vector will comprise one or more phenotypic selectable markers and an origin of replication to ensure maintenance of the vector and to, if desirable, provide amplification within the host. Suitable prokaryotic hosts for transformation include E. coli, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhimurium and various species within the genera Pseudomonas, Streptomyces, and Staphylococcus, although others may also be employed as a matter of choice.

As a representative but nonlimiting example, useful expression vectors for bacterial use can comprise a selectable marker and bacterial origin of replication derived from commercially available plasmids comprising genetic elements of the well known cloning vector pBR322 (ATCC 37017). Such commercial vectors include, for example, pKK223-3 (Pharmacia Fine Chemicals, Uppsala, Sweden) and GEM1 (Promega Biotec, Madison, Wis., USA). These pBR322 "backbone" sections are combined with an appropriate promoter and the structural sequence to be expressed.

Following transformation of a suitable host strain and growth of the host strain to an appropriate cell density, the selected promoter is induced by appropriate means (e.g., temperature shift or chemical induction) and cells are cultured for an additional period.

Cells are typically harvested by centrifugation, disrupted by physical or chemical means, and the resulting crude extract retained for further purification.

Microbial cells employed in expression of proteins can be disrupted by any convenient method, including freeze-thaw cycling, sonication, mechanical disruption, or use of cell lysing agents, such methods are well known to those skilled in the art.

Various mammalian cell culture systems can also be employed to express recombinant protein. Examples of mammalian expression systems include the COS-7 lines of monkey kidney fibroblasts, described by Gluzman, Cell, 23:175 (1981), and other cell lines capable of expressing a compatible vector, for example, the C127, 3T3, CHO, HeLa and BHK cell lines. Mammalian expression vectors will comprise an origin of replication, a suitable promoter and enhancer, and also any necessary ribosome binding sites, polyadenylation site, splice donor and acceptor sites, transcriptional termination sequences, and 5' flanking nontranscribed sequences. DNA sequences derived from the SV40 splice, and polyadenylation sites may be used to provide the required nontranscribed genetic elements.

The enzyme can be recovered and purified from recombinant cell cultures by methods including ammonium sulfate or ethanol precipitation, acid extraction, anion or cation exchange chromatography, phosphocellulose chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, affinity chromatography, hydroxylapatite chromatography and lectin chromatography. Protein refolding steps can be used, as necessary, in completing configuration of the mature protein. Finally, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) can be employed for final purification steps.

The enzymes of the present invention may be a naturally purified product, or a product of chemical synthetic procedures, or produced by recombinant techniques from a prokaryotic or eukaryotic host (for example, by bacterial, yeast, higher plant, insect and mammalian cells in culture). Depending upon the host employed in a recombinant production procedure, the enzymes of the present invention may be glycosylated or may be non-glycosylated. Enzymes of the invention may or may not also include an initial methionine amino acid residue.

The enzymes, their fragments or other derivatives, or analogs thereof, or cells expressing them can be used as an immunogen to produce antibodies thereto. These antibodies can be, for example, polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies. The present invention also includes chimeric, single chain, and humanized antibodies, as well as Fab fragments, or the product of an Fab expression library. Various procedures known in the art may be used for the production of such antibodies and fragments.

Antibodies generated against the enzymes corresponding to a sequence of the present invention can be obtained by direct injection of the enzymes into an animal or by administering the enzymes to an animal, preferably a nonhuman. The antibody so obtained will then bind the enzymes itself. In this manner, even a sequence encoding only a fragment of the enzymes can be used to generate antibodies binding the whole native enzymes. Such antibodies can then be used to isolate the enzyme from cells expressing that enzyme.

For preparation of monoclonal antibodies, any technique which provides antibodies produced by continuous cell line cultures can be used. Examples include the hybridoma technique (Kohler and Milstein, 1975, Nature, 256:495-497), the trioma technique, the human B-cell hybridoma technique (Kozbor et al., 1983, Immunology Today 4:72), and the EBV-hybridoma technique to produce human monoclonal antibodies (Cole, et al., 1985, in Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy, Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp. 77-96).

Techniques described for the production of single chain antibodies (U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,778) can be adapted to produce single chain antibodies to immunogenic enzyme products of this invention. Also, transgenic mice may be used to express humanized antibodies to immunogenic enzyme products of this invention.

Antibodies generated against the enzyme of the present invention may be used in screening for similar enzymes from other organisms and samples. Such screening techniques are known in the art, for example, one such screening assay is described in "Methods for Measuring Cellulase Activities", Methods in Enzymology, Vol 160, pp. 87-116, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Antibodies may also be employed as a probe to screen gene libraries generated from this or other organisms to identify this or cross reactive activities.

The term "antibody," as used herein, refers to intact immunoglobulin molecules, as well as fragments of immunoglobulin molecules, such as Fab, Fab', (Fab')₂, Fv, and SCA fragments, that are capable of binding to an epitope of an amidase polypeptide. These antibody fragments, which retain some ability to selectively bind to the antigen (e.g., an amidase antigen) of the antibody from which they are derived, can be made using well known methods in the art (see, e.g., Harlow and Lane, supra), and are described further, as follows.

(1) A Fab fragment consists of a monovalent antigen-binding fragment of an antibody molecule, and can be produced by digestion of a whole antibody molecule with the enzyme papain, to yield a fragment consisting of an intact light chain and a portion of a heavy chain.

(2) A Fab' fragment of an antibody molecule can be obtained by treating a whole antibody molecule with pepsin, followed by reduction, to yield a molecule consisting of an intact light chain and a portion of a heavy chain. Two Fab' fragments are obtained per antibody molecule treated in this manner.

(3) A (Fab')₂ fragment of an antibody can be obtained by treating a whole antibody molecule with the enzyme pepsin, without subsequent reduction. A (Fab')₂ fragment is a dimer of two Fab' fragments, held together by two disulfide bonds.

(4) An Fv fragment is defined as a genetically engineered fragment containing the variable region of a light chain and the variable region of a heavy chain expressed as two chains.

(5) A single chain antibody ("SCA") is a genetically engineered single chain molecule containing the variable region of a light chain and the variable region of a heavy chain, linked by a suitable, flexible polypeptide linker.

As used in this invention, the term "epitope" refers to an antigenic determinant on an antigen, such as an amidase polypeptide, to which the paratope of an antibody, such as an amidase-specific antibody, binds. Antigenic determinants usually consist of chemically active surface groupings of molecules, such as amino acids or sugar side chains, and can have specific three-dimensional structural characteristics, as well as specific charge characteristics.

The present invention is further described with reference to the following examples; however, it is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to such examples. All parts or amounts, unless otherwise specified, are by weight.

In order to facilitate understanding of the following examples certain frequently occurring methods and/or terms will be described.

"Plasmids" are designated by a lower case p preceded and/or followed by capital letters and/or numbers. The starting plasmids herein are either commercially available, publicly available on an unrestricted basis, or can be constructed from available plasmids in accord with published procedures. In addition, equivalent plasmids to those described are known in the art and will be apparent to the ordinarily skilled artisan.

"Digestion" of DNA refers to catalytic cleavage of the DNA with a restriction enzyme that acts only at certain sequences in the DNA. The various restriction enzymes used herein are commercially available and their reaction conditions, cofactors and other requirements were used as would be known to the ordinarily skilled artisan. For analytical purposes, typically 1 μg of plasmid or DNA fragment is used with about 2 units of enzyme in about 20 μl of buffer solution. For the purpose of isolating DNA fragments for plasmid construction, typically 5 to 50 μg of DNA are digested with 20 to 250 units of enzyme in a larger volume. Appropriate buffers and substrate amounts for particular restriction enzymes are specified by the manufacturer. Incubation times of about 1 hour at 37° C. are ordinarily used, but may vary in accordance with the supplier's instructions. After digestion the reaction is electrophoresed directly on a polyacrylamide gel to isolate the desired fragment.

Size separation of the cleaved fragments is performed using 8 percent polyacrylamide gel described by Goeddel, D. et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 8:4057 (1980).

"Oligonucleotides" refers to either a single stranded polydeoxynucleotide or two complementary polydeoxynucleotide strands which may be chemically synthesized. Such synthetic oligonucleotides may or may not have a 5' phosphate. Those that do not will not ligate to another oligonucleotide without adding a phosphate with an ATP in the presence of a kinase. A synthetic oligonucleotide will ligate to a fragment that has not been dephosphorylated.

"Ligation" refers to the process of forming phosphodiester bonds between two double stranded nucleic acid fragments (Maniatis et al., Id., p. 146). Unless otherwise provided, ligation may be accomplished using known buffers and conditions with 10 units of T4 DNA ligase ("ligase") per 0.5 μg of approximately equimolar amounts of the DNA fragments to be ligated.

Unless otherwise stated, transformation was performed as described in the method of Sambrook, Fritsch and Maniatus, 1989.

EXAMPLE 1 Bacterial Expression and Purification of Amidase

A Thermococcus GU5L5 genomic library was screened for amidase activity as described in Example 2 and a positive clone was identified and isolated. DNA of this clone was used as a template in a 100 μl PCR reaction using the following primer sequences: 5' primer: CCGAGAATTC ATTAAAGAGG AGAAATTAAC TATGACCGGC ATCGAATGGA 3' (SEQ ID NO:3). 3' primer: 5' AATAAGGATC CACACTGGCA CAGTGTCAAG ACA 3' (SEQ ID NO:4).

The protein was expressed in E. coli. The gene was amplified using PCR with the primers indicated above.

Subsequent to amplification, the PCR product was cloned into the EcoRI and BamHI sites of pQET1 and transformed by electroporation into E. coli M15(pREP4). The resulting transformants were grown up in 3 ml cultures, and a portion of this culture was induced. A portion of the uninduced and induced cultures were assayed using Z-L-Phe-AMC (see below).

The primer sequences set out above may also be employed to isolate the target gene from the deposited material by hybridization techniques described above.

EXAMPLE 2 Discovery of an Amidase from Thermococcus GU5L5

Production of the Expression Gene Bank.

Colonies containing pBluescript plasmids with random inserts from the organism Thermococcus GU5L5 was obtained according to the method of Hay and Short. (Hay, B. and Short, J., Strategies. 1992, 5, 16.) The resulting colonies were picked with sterile toothpicks and used to singly inoculate each of the wells of 96-well microtiter plates. The wells contained 250 μL of LB media with 100 μg/mL ampicillin, 80 μg/mL methicillin, and 10% v/v glycerol (LB Amp/Meth, glycerol). The cells were grown overnight at 37° C. without shaking. This constituted generation of the "SourceGeneBank"; each well of the Source GeneBank thus contained a stock culture of E. coli cells, each of which contained a pBluescript plasmid with a unique DNA insert.

Screening for Amidase Activity.

The plates of the Source GeneBank were used to multiply inoculate a single plate (the "Condensed Plate") containing in each well 200 μL of LB Amp/Meth, glycerol. This step was performed using the High Density Replicating Tool (HDRT) of the Beckman Biomek with a 1% bleach, water, isopropanol, air-dry sterilization cycle in between each inoculation. Each well of the Condensed Plate thus contained 10 to 12 different pBluescript clones from each of the source library plates. The Condensed Plate was grown for 16 h at 37° C. and then used to inoculate two white 96-well Polyfiltronics microtiter daughter plates containing in each well 250 μL of LB Amp/Meth (without glycerol). The original condensed plate was put in storage -80° C. The two condensed daughter plates were incubated at 37° C. for 18 h.

The `600 μM substrate stock solution` was prepared as follows: 25 mg of N-morphourea-L-phenylalanyl-7-amido-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin (Mu-Phe-AFC, Enzyme Systems Products, Dublin, Calif.) was dissolved in the appropriate volume of DMSO to yield a 25.2 mM solution. Two hundred fifty microliters of DMSO solution was added to ca. 9 mL of 50 mM, pH 7.5 Hepes buffer containing 0.6 mg/mL of dodecyl maltoside. The volume was taken to 10.5 mL with the above Hepes buffer to yield a cloudy solution.

Mu-Phe-AFC

Fifty μL of the `600 μM stock solution` was added to each of the wells of a white condensed plate using the Biomek to yield a final concentration of substrate of ˜100 μM. The fluorescence values were recorded (excitation=400 nm, emission=505 nm) on a plate reading fluorometer immediately after addition of the substrate. The plate was incubated at 70° C. for 60 min. and the fluorescence values were recorded again. The initial and final fluorescence values were subtracted to determine if an active clone was present by an increase in fluorescence over the majority of the other wells.

Isolation of the Active Clone.

In order to isolate the individual clone which carried the activity, the Source GeneBank plates were thawed and the individual wells used to singly inoculate a new plate containing LB Amp/Meth. As above the plate was incubated at 37° C. to grow the cells, and 50 μL of 600 μM substrate stock solution added using the Biomek. Once the active well from the source plate was identified, the cells from the source plate were used to inoculate 3 mL cultures of LB/AMP/Meth, which were grown overnight. The plasmid DNA was isolated from the cultures and utilized for sequencing and construction of expression subclones.

EXAMPLE 3 Thermococcus GU5L5 Amidase Characterization

Substrate Specificity.

Using the following substrates (see below for definitions of the abbreviations): CBZ-L-ala-AMC, CBZ-L-arg-AMC, CBZ-L-met-AMC, CBZ-L-phe-AMC, and 7-methyl- umbelliferyl heptanoate at 100 μM for 1 hour at 70° C. in the assays as described in the clone discovery section, the relative activity of the amidase was 3:3:1:<0.1:<0.1 for the compounds CBZ-L-arg-AMC: CBZ-L-phe-AMC: CBZ-L-met-AMC: CBZ-L-ala-AMC: 7-methylumbelliferyl heptanoate. The excitation and emission wavelengths for the 7-amido-4-methylcoumarins were 380 and 460 nm respectively, and 326 and 450 for the methylumbelliferone.

The abbreviations stand for the following compounds:

CBZ-L-ala-AMC=Nα-carbonylbenzyloxy-L-alanine-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin CBZ-L-arg-AMC=Nα-carbonylbenzyloxy-L-arginine-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin CBZ-D-arg-AMC=Nα-carbonylbenzyloxy-D-arginine-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin CBZ-L-met-AMC=Nα-carbonylbenzyloxy-L-methionine-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin CBZ-L-phe-AMC=Nα-carbonylbenzyloxy-L-phenylalanine-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin

Organic solvent sensitivity.

The activity of the amidase in increasing concentrations of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was tested as follows: to each well of a microtiter plate was added 10 μL of 3 mM CBZ-L-phe-AMC in DMSO, 25 μL of cell lysate containing the amidase activity, and 250 μL of a variable mixture of DMSO:pH 7.5, 50 mM Hepes buffer. The reactions were heated for 1 hour at 70° C. and the fluorescence measured. FIG. 2 shows the fluorescence versus concentration of DMSO. The filled and open boxes represent individual assays.

The activity and enantioselectivity of the amidase in increasing concentrations of dimethyl formamide (DMF) was tested as follows: to each well of a microtiter plate was added 30 μL of 1 mM CBZ-L-arg-AMC or CBZ-D-arg-AMC in DMF, 30 μL of cell lysate containing the amidase activity, and 240 μL of a variable mixture of DMF:pH 7.5, 50 mM Hepes buffer. The reactiosn were incubated at RT for 1 hour and the fluorescence measured at 1 minute intervals. FIG. 3 shows the relative initial linear rates (increase in fluorescence per min, i.e., `activity`) versus concentration of DMF for the more reactive CBZ-L-arg-AMC.

The initial linear rate (`activity`) of the L and the D CBZ-arg-AMC substrates are shown in Tables 1 and 2 below:

                  TABLE 1                                                          ______________________________________                                         Activity of the CBZ-L-arg-AMC:                                                                  Initial Rate,                                                   DMF Fl.U./min                                                                ______________________________________                                                 0.4% 654                                                                 10% 2548                                                                       20% 1451                                                                       30% 541                                                                        40% 345                                                                        50% 303                                                                        60% 190                                                                        75% 81                                                                         90% 11                                                                       ______________________________________                                    

                  TABLE 2                                                          ______________________________________                                         Activity of the CBZ-D-arg-AMC:                                                                  Initial Rate,                                                   DMF Fl.U./min                                                                ______________________________________                                                 0.4% 0.3                                                                 10% 10.1                                                                       20% 4.6                                                                        30% 1.8                                                                        40% 0.9                                                                        50% 1.2                                                                        60% 1.4                                                                        75% 0.1                                                                        90% 0.1                                                                      ______________________________________                                    

The above data indicate that the enzyme shows excellent selectivity for the L, or `natural` enantiomer of the derivatized amino acid substrate.

Numerous modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings and, therefore, within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as particularly described.

    __________________________________________________________________________     #             SEQUENCE LISTING                                                    - -  - - (1) GENERAL INFORMATION:                                              - -    (iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES:  4                                           - -  - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:1:                                      - -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH:  1869 NU - #CLEOTIDES                                              (B) TYPE:  NUCLEIC A - #CID                                                    (C) STRANDEDNESS:  SING - #LE                                                  (D) TOPOLOGY:  LINEAR                                                 - -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE:  DNA                                               - -     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION:  SEQ ID NO: - #1:                           - - ATG ACC GGC ATC GAA TGG AAC CAC GAG ACC TT - #T TCT AAG TTC GCC         TAC       48                                                                     Met Thr Tly Ile Glu Trp Asn His Glu Thr Ph - #e Ser Lys Phe Ala Tyr                            5 - #                 10 - #                 15                - - CTG GGC GAC CCG AGG ATA CGG GGA AAC TTA AT - #C GCG TAC ACC CTG ACG            96                                                                        Leu Gly Asp Pro Arg Ile Arg Gly Asn Leu Il - #e Ala Tyr Thr Leu Thr                        20      - #            25      - #            30                    - - AAG GCC AAC ATG AAG GAC AAC AAG TAC GAG AG - #C ACG GTT GTT GTT GAA           144                                                                        Lys Ala Asn Met Lys Asp Asn Lys Tyr Glu Se - #r Thr Val Val Val Glu                    35          - #        40          - #        45                        - - GAC CTT GAA ACG GGC TCA AGG CGC TTC ATC GA - #G AAC GCC TCA ATG CCG           192                                                                        Asp Leu Glu Thr Gly Ser Arg Arg Phe Ile Gl - #u Asn Ala Ser Met Pro                50              - #    55              - #    60                            - - AGG ATT TCG CCA GAC GGC AGA AAG CTC GCC TT - #C ACC TGC TTT AAC GAG           240                                                                        Arg Ile Ser Pro Asp Gly Arg Lys Leu Ala Ph - #e Thr Cys Phe Asn Glu            65                  - #70                  - #75                  - #80         - - GAG AAG AAG GAG ACC GAG ATA TGG GTG GCC GA - #T ATC CAG ACC CTG AGC           288                                                                        Glu Lys Lys Glu Thr Glu Ile Trp Val Ala As - #p Ile Gln Thr Leu Ser                            85  - #                90  - #                95                - - GCC AAG AAA GTC CTC TCA ACT AAA AAC GTC CG - #C TCG ATG CAG TGG AAC           336                                                                        Ala Lys Lys Val Leu Ser Thr Lys Asn Val Ar - #g Ser Met Gln Trp Asn                        100      - #           105      - #           110                   - - GAC GAT TCA AGG AGA CTC TTA GTT GTC GGC TT - #C AAG AGG AGG GAC GAT           384                                                                        Asp Asp Ser Arg Arg Leu Leu Val Val Gly Ph - #e Lys Arg Arg Asp Asp                    115          - #       120          - #       125                       - - GAG GAC TTC GTC TTT GAC GAC GAC GTC CCG GT - #C TGG TTC GAC AAT ATG           432                                                                        Glu Asp Phe Val Phe Asp Asp Asp Val Pro Va - #l Trp Phe Asp Asn Met                130              - #   135              - #   140                           - - GGA TTC TTT GAT GGA GAG AAG ACG ACG TTC TG - #G GTT CTT GAC ACT GAG           480                                                                        Gly Phe Phe Asp Gly Glu Lys Thr Thr Phe Tr - #p Val Leu Asp Thr Glu            145                 1 - #50                 1 - #55                 1 -       #60                                                                               - - GCC GAG GAG ATA ATC GAG CAG TTC GAG AAG CC - #G AGG TTT TCG AGT         GGC      528                                                                     Ala Glu Glu Ile Ile Glu Gln Phe Glu Lys Pr - #o Arg Phe Ser Ser Gly                           165  - #               170  - #               175               - - CTC TGG CAC GGC GAT GCG ATA GTT GTG AAC GT - #C CCG CAC CGC GAG GGG           576                                                                        Leu Trp His Gly Asp Ala Ile Val Val Asn Va - #l Pro His Arg Glu Gly                        180      - #           185      - #           190                   - - AGC AAG CCT GCC CTG TTC AAG TTC TAC GAC AT - #A GTC CTA TGG AAG GAC           624                                                                        Ser Lys Pro Ala Leu Phe Lys Phe Tyr Asp Il - #e Val Leu Trp Lys Asp                    195          - #       200          - #       205                       - - GGG GAG GAA GAG AAG CTC TTC GAG AGG GTC TC - #C TTC GAG GCG GTT GAC           672                                                                        Gly Glu Glu Glu Lys Leu Phe Glu Arg Val Se - #r Phe Glu Ala Val Asp                210              - #   215              - #   220                           - - TCC GAC GGA AAG AGA ATA CTC CTG AGG GGC AA - #G AAA AAA AAG CGG TTC           720                                                                        Ser Asp Gly Lys Arg Ile Leu Leu Arg Gly Ly - #s Lys Lys Lys Arg Phe            225                 2 - #30                 2 - #35                 2 -       #40                                                                               - - ATC AGC GAG CAC GAC TGG CTG TAC CTC TGG GA - #C GGC GAG CTT AAA         CCG      768                                                                     Ile Ser Glu His Asp Trp Leu Tyr Leu Trp As - #p Gly Glu Leu Lys Pro                           245  - #               250  - #               255               - - ATC TAC GAG GGC CCG CTC GAC GTC TGG GAA GC - #C AAG CTC ACG GAA GGA           816                                                                        Ile Tyr Glu Gly Pro Leu Asp Val Trp Glu Al - #a Lys Leu Thr Glu Gly                        260      - #           265      - #           270                   - - AAG GTC TAC TTC CTC ACT CCA GAT GCG GGC AG - #G GTA AAC CTC TGG CTC           864                                                                        Lys Val Tyr Phe Leu Thr Pro Asp Ala Gly Ar - #g Val Asn Leu Trp Leu                    275          - #       280          - #       285                       - - TGG GAC GGG AAG GCC GAG CGT GTT GTT ACC GG - #C GAC CAC TGG ATT TAC           912                                                                        Trp Asp Gly Lys Ala Glu Arg Val Val Thr Gl - #y Asp His Trp Ile Tyr                290              - #   295              - #   300                           - - GGG CTT GAC GTC AGC GAT GGC AAA GCA TTG CT - #C CTC ATC ATG ACC GCC           960                                                                        Gly Leu Asp Val Ser Asp Gly Lys Ala Leu Le - #u Leu Ile Met Thr Ala            305                 3 - #10                 3 - #15                 3 -       #20                                                                               - - ACG AGG ATA GGC GAG CTC TAC CTC TAC GAC GG - #C GAG CTG AAA CAG         GTC     1008                                                                     Thr Arg Ile Gly Glu Leu Tyr Leu Tyr Asp Gl - #y Glu Leu Lys Gln Val                           325  - #               330  - #               335               - - ACC GAA TAC AAC GGG CCG ATA TTC AGG AAG CT - #C AAG ACC TTC GAG CCG          1056                                                                        Thr Glu Tyr Asn Gly Pro Ile Phe Arg Lys Le - #u Lys Thr Phe Glu Pro                        340      - #           345      - #           350                   - - AGG CAC TTC CGC TTC AAG AGC AAA GAC CTC GA - #G ATA GAC GGC TGG TAC          1104                                                                        Arg His Phe Arg Phe Lys Ser Lys Asp Leu Gl - #u Ile Asp Gly Trp Tyr                    355          - #       360          - #       365                       - - CTC AGG CCG GAG GTT AAA GAG GAG AAG GCC CC - #G GTG ATA GTC TTC GTC          1152                                                                        Leu Arg Pro Glu Val Lys Glu Glu Lys Ala Pr - #o Val Ile Val Phe Val                370              - #   375              - #   380                           - - CAC GGC GGG CCG AAG GGC ATG TAC GGA CAC CG - #C TTC GTC TAC GAG ATG          1200                                                                        His Gly Gly Pro Lys Gly Met Tyr Gly His Ar - #g Phe Val Tyr Glu Met            385                 3 - #90                 3 - #95                 4 -       #00                                                                               - - CAG CTG ATG GCG AGC AAG GGC TAC TAC TGC TG - #C TTC GTG AAC CCG         CGC     1248                                                                     Gln Leu Met Ala Ser Lys Gly Tyr Tyr Val Va - #l Phe Val Asn Pro Arg                           405  - #               410  - #               415               - - GGC AGC GAC GGC TAT AGC GAA GAC TTC GCG CT - #C CGC GTC CTG GAG AGG          1296                                                                        Gly Ser Asp Gly Tyr Ser Glu Asp Phe Ala Le - #u Arg Val Leu Glu Arg                        420      - #           425      - #           430                   - - ACT GGC TTG GAG GAC TTT GAG GAC ATA ATG AA - #C GGC ATC GAG GAG TTC          1344                                                                        Thr Gly Leu Glu Asp Phe Glu Asp Ile Met As - #n Gly Ile Glu Glu Phe                    435          - #       440          - #       445                       - - TTC AAG CTC GAA CCG CAG GCC GAC AGG GAG CG - #C GTT GGA ATA ACG GGC          1392                                                                        Phe Lys Leu Glu Pro Gln Ala Asp Arg Glu Ar - #g Val Gly Ile Thr Gly                450              - #   455              - #   460                           - - ATA AGC TAC GGC GGC TTC ATG ACC AAC TGG GC - #C TTG ACT CAG AGC GAC          1440                                                                        Ile Ser Tyr Gly Gly Phe Met Thr Asn Trp Al - #a Leu Thr Gln Ser Asp            465                 4 - #70                 4 - #75                 4 -       #80                                                                               - - CTC TTC AAG GCA GGA ATA AGC GAG AAC GGC AT - #A AGC TAC TGG CTC         ACC     1488                                                                     Leu Phe Lys Ala Gly Ile Ser Glu Asn Gly Il - #e Ser Tyr Trp Leu Thr                           485  - #               490  - #               495               - - AGC TAC GCC TTC TCG GAC ATA GGG CTC TGG TA - #C GAC GTC GAG GTC ATC          1536                                                                        Ser Tyr Ala Phe Ser Asp Ile Gly Leu Trp Ty - #r Asp Val Glu Val Ile                        500      - #           505      - #           510                   - - GGG CCA AAT CCG TTA GAG AAC GAG AAC TTC AG - #G AAG CTC AGC CCG CTG          1584                                                                        Gly Pro Asn Pro Leu Glu Asn Glu Asn Phe Ar - #g Lys Leu Ser Pro Leu                    515          - #       520          - #       525                       - - TTC TAC GCT CAG AAC GTG AAG GCG CCG ATA CT - #C CTA ATC CAC TCG CTT          1632                                                                        Phe Tyr Ala Gln Asn Val Lys Ala Pro Ile Le - #u Leu Ile His Ser Leu                530              - #   535              - #   540                           - - GAG GAC TAC CGC TGT CCG CTC GAC CAG AGC CT - #T ATG TTC TAC AAC GTG          1680                                                                        Glu Asp Tyr Arg Cys Pro Leu Asp Gln Ser Le - #u Met Phe Tyr Asn Val            545                 5 - #50                 5 - #55                 5 -       #60                                                                               - - CTC AAG GAC ATG GGC AAG GAA GCC TAC ATA GC - #G ATA TTC AAG CGC         GGC     1728                                                                     Leu Lys Asp Met Gly Lys Glu Ala Tyr Ile Al - #a Ile Phe Lys Arg Gly                           565  - #               570  - #               575               - - GCC CAC GGC CAC AGC GTC CGC GGA AGC CCG AG - #G CAC AGG CCG AAG CGC          1776                                                                        Ala His Gly His Ser Val Arg Gly Ser Pro Ar - #g His Arg Pro Lys Arg                        580      - #           585      - #           590                   - - TAC AGG CTC TTC ATA GAG TTC TTC GAG CGC AA - #G CTC AAG AAG TAC GAG          1824                                                                        Tyr Arg Leu Phe Ile Glu Phe Phe Glu Arg Ly - #s Leu Lys Lys Tyr Glu                    595          - #       600          - #       605                       - - GAG GGC TTT GAG GTA GAG AAG ATA CTC AAG GG - #G AAT GGG AAC TGA              1869                                                                        Glu Gly Phe Glu Val Glu Lys Ile Leu Lys Gl - #y Asn Gly Asn                        610              - #   615              - #   620                           - -  - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:2:                                      - -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH:  622 AMI - #NO ACIDS                                               (B) TYPE:  AMINO ACI - #D                                                      (C) STRANDEDNESS:                                                              (D) TOPOLOGY:  LINEAR                                                 - -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE:  PROTEIN                                           - -     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION:  SEQ ID NO: - #2:                           - - Met Thr Gly Ile Glu Trp Asn His Glu Thr Ph - #e Ser Lys Phe Ala Tyr                        5 - #                 10 - #                 15                - - Leu Gly Asp Pro Arg Ile Arg Gly Asn Leu Il - #e Ala Tyr Thr Leu Thr                   20      - #            25      - #            30                    - - Lys Ala Asn Met Lys Asp Asn Lys Tyr Glu Se - #r Thr Val Val Val Glu               35          - #        40          - #        45                        - - Asp Leu Glu Thr Gly Ser Arg Arg Phe Ile Gl - #u Asn Ala Ser Met Pro           50              - #    55              - #    60                            - - Arg Ile Ser Pro Asp Gly Arg Lys Leu Ala Ph - #e Thr Cys Phe Asn Glu       65                  - #70                  - #75                  - #80         - - Glu Lys Lys Glu Thr Glu Ile Trp Val Ala As - #p Ile Gln Thr Leu Ser                       85  - #                90  - #                95                - - Ala Lys Lys Val Leu Ser Thr Lys Asn Val Ar - #g Ser Met Gln Trp Asn                   100      - #           105      - #           110                   - - Asp Asp Ser Arg Arg Leu Leu Val Val Gly Ph - #e Lys Arg Arg Asp Asp               115          - #       120          - #       125                       - - Glu Asp Phe Val Phe Asp Asp Asp Val Pro Va - #l Trp Phe Asp Asn Met           130              - #   135              - #   140                           - - Gly Phe Phe Asp Gly Glu Lys Thr Thr Phe Tr - #p Val Leu Asp Thr Glu       145                 1 - #50                 1 - #55                 1 -       #60                                                                               - - Ala Glu Glu Ile Ile Glu Gln Phe Glu Lys Pr - #o Arg Phe Ser Ser         Gly                                                                                              165  - #               170  - #               175              - - Leu Trp His Gly Asp Ala Ile Val Val Asn Va - #l Pro His Arg Glu Gly                   180      - #           185      - #           190                   - - Ser Lys Pro Ala Leu Phe Lys Phe Tyr Asp Il - #e Val Leu Trp Lys Asp               195          - #       200          - #       205                       - - Gly Glu Glu Glu Lys Leu Phe Glu Arg Val Se - #r Phe Glu Ala Val Asp           210              - #   215              - #   220                           - - Ser Asp Gly Lys Arg Ile Leu Leu Arg Gly Ly - #s Lys Lys Lys Arg Phe       225                 2 - #30                 2 - #35                 2 -       #40                                                                               - - Ile Ser Glu His Asp Trp Leu Tyr Leu Trp As - #p Gly Glu Leu Lys         Pro                                                                                              245  - #               250  - #               255              - - Ile Tyr Glu Gly Pro Leu Asp Val Trp Glu Al - #a Lys Leu Thr Glu Gly                   260      - #           265      - #           270                   - - Lys Val Tyr Phe Leu Thr Pro Asp Ala Gly Ar - #g Val Asn Leu Trp Leu               275          - #       280          - #       285                       - - Trp Asp Gly Lys Ala Glu Arg Val Val Thr Gl - #y Asp His Trp Ile Tyr           290              - #   295              - #   300                           - - Gly Leu Asp Val Ser Asp Gly Lys Ala Leu Le - #u Leu Ile Met Thr Ala       305                 3 - #10                 3 - #15                 3 -       #20                                                                               - - Thr Arg Ile Gly Glu Leu Tyr Leu Tyr Asp Gl - #y Glu Leu Lys Gln         Val                                                                                              325  - #               330  - #               335              - - Thr Glu Tyr Asn Gly Pro Ile Phe Arg Lys Le - #u Lys Thr Phe Glu Pro                   340      - #           345      - #           350                   - - Arg His Phe Arg Phe Lys Ser Lys Asp Leu Gl - #u Ile Asp Gly Trp Tyr               355          - #       360          - #       365                       - - Leu Arg Pro Glu Val Lys Glu Glu Lys Ala Pr - #o Val Ile Val Phe Val           370              - #   375              - #   380                           - - His Gly Gly Pro Lys Gly Met Tyr Gly His Ar - #g Phe Val Tyr Glu Met       385                 3 - #90                 3 - #95                 4 -       #00                                                                               - - Gln Leu Met Ala Ser Lys Gly Tyr Tyr Val Va - #l Phe Val Asn Pro         Arg                                                                                              405  - #               410  - #               415              - - Gly Ser Asp Gly Tyr Ser Glu Asp Phe Ala Le - #u Arg Val Leu Glu Arg                   420      - #           425      - #           430                   - - Thr Gly Leu Glu Asp Phe Glu Asp Ile Met As - #n Gly Ile Glu Glu Phe               435          - #       440          - #       445                       - - Phe Lys Leu Glu Pro Gln Ala Asp Arg Glu Ar - #g Val Gly Ile Thr Gly           450              - #   455              - #   460                           - - Ile Ser Tyr Gly Gly Phe Met Thr Asn Trp Al - #a Leu Thr Gln Ser Asp       465                 4 - #70                 4 - #75                 4 -       #80                                                                               - - Leu Phe Lys Ala Gly Ile Ser Glu Asn Gly Il - #e Ser Tyr Trp Leu         Thr                                                                                              485  - #               490  - #               495              - - Ser Tyr Ala Phe Ser Asp Ile Gly Leu Trp Ty - #r Asp Val Glu Val Ile                   500      - #           505      - #           510                   - - Gly Pro Asn Pro Leu Glu Asn Glu Asn Phe Ar - #g Lys Leu Ser Pro Leu               515          - #       520          - #       525                       - - Phe Tyr Ala Gln Asn Val Lys Ala Pro Ile Le - #u Leu Ile His Ser Leu           530              - #   535              - #   540                           - - Glu Asp Tyr Arg Cys Pro Leu Asp Gln Ser Le - #u Met Phe Tyr Asn Val       545                 5 - #50                 5 - #55                 5 -       #60                                                                               - - Leu Lys Asp Met Gly Lys Glu Ala Tyr Ile Al - #a Ile Phe Lys Arg         Gly                                                                                              565  - #               570  - #               575              - - Ala His Gly His Ser Val Arg Gly Ser Pro Ar - #g His Arg Pro Lys Arg                   580      - #           585      - #           590                   - - Tyr Arg Leu Phe Ile Glu Phe Phe Glu Arg Ly - #s Leu Lys Lys Tyr Glu               595          - #       600          - #       605                       - - Glu Gly Phe Glu Val Glu Lys Ile Leu Lys Gl - #y Asn Gly Asn                   610              - #   615              - #   620                           - -  - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:3:                                      - -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH:  50 NUCL - #EOTIDES                                                (B) TYPE:  NUCLEIC A - #CID                                                    (C) STRANDEDNESS:  SING - #LE                                                  (D) TOPOLOGY:  LINEAR                                                 - -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE:  Oligonucleotide                                   - -     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION:  SEQ ID NO: - #3:                           - - CCGAGAATTC ATTAAAGAGG AGAAATTAAC TATGACCGGC ATCGAATGGA  - #                   50                                                                          - -  - - (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:4:                                      - -      (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:                                                  (A) LENGTH:  33 NUCL - #EOTIDES                                                (B) TYPE:  NUCLEIC A - #CID                                                    (C) STRANDEDNESS:  SING - #LE                                                  (D) TOPOLOGY:  LINEAR                                                 - -     (ii) MOLECULE TYPE:  Oligonucleotide                                   - -     (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION:  SEQ ID NO: - #4:                           - - AATAAGGATC CACACTGGCA CAGTGTCAAG ACA       - #                  - #              33                                                                     __________________________________________________________________________ 

What is claimed is:
 1. An isolated polynucleotide `encoding an enzyme with amidase activity and which is` selected from the group consisting of:fragments of SEQ ID NO:1 that are at least 35 bases in length and that hybridize to a nucleic acid sequence encoding the polypeptide set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 under conditions that include 0.9 M NaCl, 5.0 mM NaH₂ PO₄, 5.0 mM Na₂ EDTA, 0.5% SDS and 10× Denhardt's at about 45° C.
 2. A polynucleotide of claim 1 wherein the polynucleotide is DNA.
 3. A polynucleotide of claim 1 wherein the polynucleotide is RNA.
 4. A vector comprising the polvnucleotide of claim
 1. 5. A host cell comprising a vector of claim
 4. 